Suggestions of past Brandmaps companies Essay Example

Recommendations of past Brandmaps organizations Essay There are more than 50 advertising research examines that were made accessible for our group to use. For the initial 75% a significant number of the examination considers were requested, anyway it was found from the get-go that not all the investigations were valuable to us. The examination considers that our firm discovered most helpful were requested consistently which wound up sparing us important time. Such lasting investigations included client brand mindfulness, brand fulfillment appraisals, working measurements reports, brand quality evaluations, monetary records of the other serious firms, the measure of pieces of the overall industry we have in the business, our general execution report alongside inclination testing.. Other than the lasting examinations, there are three significant exploration concentrates in which our group needed to settle on explicit choices on without fail. These choices incorporated the conjoint examination and both publicizing and advancement tests. The significance of the conjoint investigation and can not be accentuated enough. Having a comprehension of how conjoint examination can be helpful for effective item reformulation. Further clarification of conjoint examination is clarified in the new item improvement area of this reminder. Another exploration study we needed to do independently is the promoting test. At whatever point we presented another item, we needed to make choice on the measure of cash we expected to spend on promoting, just as decide the best media substance and blend so as to get the most elevated % of client mindfulness. We additionally attempted assortments of media substance and blend in the tests. We will compose a custom paper test on Suggestions of past Brandmaps organizations explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Suggestions of past Brandmaps organizations explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Suggestions of past Brandmaps organizations explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For instance, in Canada, a mix of value, item utilizes, along with substantial burdens radio, paper and magazines yielded a high level of client mindfulness (around 85%). Leading publicizing tests is a reasonable assignment, which can bring about great outcomes. On occasion, attempting to locate the correct publicizing methodology gets disappointing, in any case, by ceaselessly switching up factors, inevitably, a reasonable outcome can be gotten. It took our firm a few quarters before at long last finding a decent publicizing procedure for the Pacific locale. Advancement tests are another fundamental piece of promoting research. Like the publicizing test, we needed to decide the measure of cash to allocate and the limited time type for each predefined area. We found generally that our seller mindfulness tests yielded us sure outcomes, as there appeared to be less factors to mess with so as to make sense of the correct blend. A portion of our examinations directed brought about exceptionally high rates for mindfulness, numerous in the 90 to 98 percent run. Now and again, these outcomes originated from small spending in the advancement office, anyway with a valuable limited time blend. Promoting research is a significant instrument, which ought to be completely used by all organizations. Its expenses are insignificant contrasted with the conceivable end advantages of the outcomes, when deciphered effectively. A firm ought to never attempt to reduce expenses on their financial plan to the detriment of requesting advertising research. Having a completely educated firm exceeds the couple of thousand dollars, which may have in any case been spared from not requesting explicit exploration. Knowing precisely where your rivals remain in the market and your ecological circumstance is the reality. Our way of thinking is that if all else fails, request the advertising research. New Product Development Deciding on whether to bring another item into another or existing business sector resembles playing with a twofold edged blade. There are numerous potential approaches to take a gander at the circumstance and whether it is a beneficial movement. Market and contender investigations are two significant variables when settling on this basic choice. We found spur of the moment that the more serious and insecure the market is, the less advantageous it is entering another item there. Likely the most significant choice that must be made is the origination of the new item. It was found that making another item explicitly custom fitted for a market is the most ideal approach to enter another item. Using inclination testing to discover what volume of traits are generally favored alongside conjoint investigation to find the overall significance of each credit is the thing that must be utilized when choosing how your new vaporware item is going to look. Guaranteeing that your item doesn't encroach upon others patent zones is similarly significant, as this avoidable slip-up could demonstrate exorbitant. There are different exchange offs when concluding how to make your new item. So as to minimize expenses and avoid stepping in another organizations patent zones , one might need to reduce a couple of expenses, with an immense cost saver being decreasing the guarantee and similarity, particularly if the overall significance of that particular quality inside that particular focused on showcase isn't viewed as significant. At long last, having a helpful item which addresses the issues of the shopper is the main concern when taking all new item choice factors into thought. Presentation of another item can be very expensive. An insightful firm would at first do some earlier research concerning what exercises are occurring inside the specific focused on area, including industry development and potential and other item plans by contending firms. A firm would not be savvy as to bring another item into an effectively over soaked or feeble market. Reformulation offers are another touchy thing which requires extreme investigation. Utilizing some relevant parts of game hypothesis, one must envision what the contenders are doing in the specific focused on locale, as a high Reformulation might be a finished misuse of cost. This is the place some determined hazard must be made. Presentation of another item additionally encounters other divisional costs which may include, including the employing of a business power. Cautious scope organization ought to be done early so in the most ideal situation, an organization will have enough ability to deliver all future arranged. In the most exceedingly awful conceivable situation, full limit won't be used and it very well may be offered to recoup a portion of the limit including costs acquired. Scope organization is a sensitive subject which truth be told requires precise long haul anticipating with the end goal for it to be cost proficient. On occasion, with the presentation of another item, some momentary torment must be experienced. Regularly, because of the absence of experience bend reserve funds and nearness of considerable smoothing impacts, the underlying expense of the item might be huge and net revenues might be thin. Alongside reformulation, deals power, starting serious publicizing and advancement costs, there may remain to be little benefit picked up during a presentation. Negative benefits during presentation are not an uncommon event and an organization ought not be reluctant to encounter this. Try not to stress, things will most likely improve. There are a couple of more tips a firm can use so as to have a fruitful presentation of another item. Our firm discovered that underlying huge consumptions in promoting during the turn out of the new item is essential for making consciousness of the item. From our publicizing tests we found that going through more cash will consistently expand attention to an item. On the off chance that individuals like this new item, they will get it. Expanding motivating forces for the business power to work more enthusiastically on selling the item is another possible strategy, for example, expanding deals commission or compensation. Sellers can at first be pushed to convey the item by giving impermanent refunds. One must recall not to give these discounts for a really long time of a period or they will lose their adequacy. A firm recently presenting an item should be fearless and not terrified to lose a touch of cash during the principal little stretch of presence and ought not bargain their cost to the detriment of producing expanded beginning deals as this could be hindering for long haul benefit. The last significant factor which ought to be thought about is whether the item ought to be brought into one or a few markets. Our organizations guidance is that an organization should attempt to make an item that is ideal for one market however can be acknowledged inside others. We found that one of our recently presented items was ideal for the Pacific market yet in addition was favored in the Canada showcase. As deals in the Pacific region shot up, item costs diminished, which brought down the cost of the to some degree less reasonable yet at the same time popular item in Canada, making it liked. Our recommendation is that a firm should do whatever it takes not to make an item which in part addresses the issues of different markets or if a firm does, dont anticipate that it should turn into a fabulous accomplishment as it might wind up tumbling in the entirety of your focused on business sectors. Good karma! Deals Forecast A decent deals conjecture is significant in light of the fact that it maintains a strategic distance from stockouts from one perspective and high stock levels on the other. To discover which deals gauge is by all accounts sensible for the following term, you should initially investigate industry deals volume conjectures (#31). This examination gives a review of the past and future deals volume for all market areas. As referenced in the book the investigation gives a review, and thusly the serious issue is, that it accept current promoting exercises of all organizations in the business to remain at a similar level, or to proceed with their current course, which regularly isn't the situation. Another issue with this investigation is, that particularly when entering another market the estimate

Siege of Fort Wayne in War of 1812

Attack of Fort Wayne in War of 1812 Attack of Fort Wayne - Conflict Date: The Siege of Fort Wayne was battled September 5-12, 1812, during the War of (1812-1815). Armed forces Commanders Local Americans Boss WinamacChief Five Medals500 men US Commander James RheaLieutenant Philip OstanderMajor General William Henry HarrisonGarrison: 100 men, Relief Force: 2,200 men Attack of Fort Wayne - Background: In the years after the American Revolution, the United States experienced expanding obstruction from the Native American clans in the Northwest Territory. These pressures at first showed themselves in the Northwest Indian War which saw American soldiers gravely vanquished at the Wabash before Major General Anthony Wayne won an unequivocal triumph at Fallen Timbers in 1794. As American pilgrims pushed west, Ohio entered the Union and the purpose of contention started to move to the Indiana Territory. Following the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, which moved title of 3,000,000 sections of land in present-day Indiana and Illinois from the Native Americans to the United States, the Shawnee head Tecumseh started unsettling the areas clans to hinder the archives usage. These endeavors finished with a military crusade which saw the territorys senator, William Henry Harrison, rout the Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Attack of Fort Wayne - The Situation: With the start of the War of 1812 in June 1812, Native American powers started assaulting American wilderness establishments on the side of British endeavors toward the north. In July, Fort Michilimackinac fell and on August 15 the battalion of Fort Dearborn was slaughtered as it endeavored to empty the post. The next day, Major General Isaac Brock constrained Brigadier General William Hull to give up Detroit. Toward the southwest, the officer at Fort Wayne, Captain James Rhea, scholarly of Fort Dearborns misfortune on August 26 when an overcomer of the slaughter, Corporal Walter Jordan, showed up. In spite of the fact that a noteworthy station, Fort Waynes fortresses has been permitted to decay during Rheas order. Two days after Jordans appearance, a neighborhood merchant, Stephen Johnston, was killed close to the fortress. Stressed over the circumstance, endeavors started to clear ladies and youngsters east to Ohio under the direction of Shawnee scout Captain Logan. As September initiated, countless Miamis and Potawatomis started showing up at Fort Wayne under the administration of Chiefs Winamac and Five Medals. Worried about this turn of events, Rhea mentioned help from Ohio Governor Return Meigs and Indian Agent John Johnston. Progressively incapable to adapt to the circumstance, Rhea started drinking intensely. In this state, he met with the two boss on September 4 and was educated that other outskirts posts had fallen and the Fort Wayne would be straightaway. Attack of Fort Wayne - Fighting Begins: The following morning, Winamac and Five Medals started threats when their warriors assaulted two of Rheas men. This was trailed by an attack on the east side of the fortification. Despite the fact that this was repelled, the Native Americans started consuming the adjoining town and developed two wooden gun with an end goal to fool the safeguards into accepting they had gunnery. Stilling drinking, Rhea resigned to his quarters guaranteeing sickness. Accordingly, the resistance of the fortification tumbled to Indian Agent Benjamin Stickney and Lieutenants Daniel Curtis and Philip Ostander. That night, Winamac moved toward the post and was confessed to conference. During the gathering he drew a blade with the goal of murdering Stickney. Kept from doing as such, he was removed from the fortification. Around 8:00 PM, the Native Americans restored their endeavors against Fort Waynes dividers. Battling proceeded during that time with the Native Americans putting forth ineffective attempts t o set the fortifications dividers ablaze. Around 3:00 PM the following day, Winamac and Five Medals quickly pulled back. The respite demonstrated brief and new assaults started after dim. Attack of Fort Wayne - Relief Efforts: Having educated of the thrashings along the boondocks, the Governor of Kentucky, Charles Scott, designated Harrison a significant general in the state local army and guided him to take men to fortify Fort Wayne. This move was made notwithstanding the way that Brigadier General James Winchester, leader of the Army of the Northwest, in fact was responsible for military endeavors in the district. Dispatching a letter of conciliatory sentiment to Secretary of War William Eustis, Harrison started moving north with around 2,200 men. Propelling, Harrison discovered that battling at Fort Wayne hosted started and dispatched an exploring get-together drove by William Oliver and Captain Logan to evaluate the circumstance. Hustling through the Native American lines, they arrived at the fortification and educated the safeguards that help was coming. In the wake of meeting with Stickney and the lieutenants, they got away and revealed back to Harrison. In spite of the fact that satisfied that the fortress was holding, Harrison developed concerned when he got reports that Tecumseh was driving a blended power of more than 500 Native American and British soldiers towards Fort Wayne. Driving his men forward, he arrived at the St. Marys River on September 8 where he was fortified by 800 minute men from Ohio. With Harrison drawing nearer, Winamac mounted a last attack against the fortress on September 11. Taking overwhelming misfortunes, he severed the assault the following day and guided his warriors to withdraw back over the Maumee River. Pushing on, Harrison arrived at the fortress later in the day and mitigated the army. Attack of Fort Wayne - Aftermath: Taking control, Harrison captured Rhea and put Ostander in order of the fortification. After two days, he started guiding components of his order to direct correctional assaults against Native American towns in the district. Working from Fort Wayne, troops consumed Forks of the Wabash just as Five Medals Village. Presently, Winchester showed up at Fort Wayne and mitigated Harrison. This circumstance was immediately switched on September 17 when Harrison was named a significant general in the US Army and provided order of the Army of the Northwest. Harrison would stay in this post for a great part of the war and would later win an unequivocal triumph at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813. The fruitful protection of Fort Wayne, just as the triumph at the Battle of Fort Harrison toward the southwest, ended the string of British and Native American triumphs on the boondocks. Vanquished at the two strongholds, the Native Americans decreased their assaults on pioneers in the locale. Chosen Sources Noteworthy Fort Wayne: The SiegeHMDB: The Siege of Fort Wayne

Up the Down Staircase free essay sample

The content viable with an abnormal and exceptional title â€Å"Up the Down Staircase† is perhaps the best novel within recent memory was composed by Bel Kaufman, an American creator. She functioned as an instructor of the English language and writing in a New York secondary school for a long time. â€Å"Up the Down Staircase† is her first semi-self-portraying novel about a hopeful youthful English educator, who is truly amped up for her future work with kids at school. In any case, things being what they are, it’s not all that simple to stand up to serious real factors which don't agree with her desires. The given concentrate depicts the encounters of a youthful secondary teacher Sylvia Barret who is disappointed with the arrangement of training, however all things considered, she attempts to adapt to every one of those issues and impedes in youngsters childhood and acts her own particular manner. She discovers her own procedures of educating. Yet, does she prevail in it? Or on the other hand would she say she is upheld by her partners? Or on the other hand might be she is the main who is stressed over these challenges. We will compose a custom paper test on Up the Down Staircase or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this content the writer doesn't offer her own responses on these and different inquiries allowing this chance to the readears. It is a first individual portrayal where the creator altogether depicts her partners, understudies and the general air at school. Through the entire content we feel author’s has confidence in finding the best approach to change the state circumstance. So as to underline it she utilizes the expression â€Å"hitch your wagon to a star† and we, perusers of these lines need to accept that she will be capable try such aloof and impassive individuals . She is viewed as an extremely imaginative individual as she offers her students various sorts of class work totally non-run of the mill for the school she works at; Children are proposed to tune in to Shakespeare’s poem or examine an exceptionally contradictive explanations. Peculiar as it might appear to be nevertheless she prevails in it. However, the issue is that it irritates only her. What's more, talking names in this story, for example, Mr. Winters that, from one perspective, shows his impassion and lack of care. He became accustomed to work there with no changes, and, then again, this name mirrors that he is serious and severe. Another talking name is Mr. Bester. His name is shaped by adding the addition â€Å"er† to the standout degree â€Å"best† that implies that he is superior to the best. The story introduced in a type of a letter starts with an individual welcome, where the writer utilizes the count â€Å"I can wash a pullover, think an idea, compose a letter† is utilized here to underline that Saturday is the main day that can be spent by the primary character. The general salutation on the baby’s new tooth and her hypotheses about her future is a characteristic of her uplifting demeanor towards her companion that is underlined by epiphora utilized in these sentences: â€Å"Though I trust that when she gets into the open secondary educational system, things will be extraordinary. A t least, they continue promising that things will be distinctive †. Portraying the children she utilizes the direct opposite â€Å"physically develop †poor intellect†, which implies that the understudies are difficult to educate. Portraying her experience of educating without a book she shows the elements of the conversation and the pupils’ energy as a response to the issue contacted, so the writer utilizes redundancies and equal developments: â€Å"no, no some said†¦no, no, others cried†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and the most valuable compensation for her endeavors is the â€Å"groan† of youngsters. Talking around one of the hindrances in the method for instructor, she utilizes the metonymy â€Å"Admiral Ass†, that moniker is gotten from his mark, yet it is likewise a representative one †ass is the equivalent word of the jackass and depicts somebody idiotic or thick, and chief of naval operations implies that he is glad for his post. Talking about the division of the instructors to the great ones and the awful ones she says that one of them â€Å"work their enchantment in the classroom† and others â€Å"find in the educational system a reason or a refuge†. The title Up the Down Staircase just shows it. As per Sylvia’s positioning framework a few instructors are ideal or â€Å"up† and others are not or â€Å"down†.. Taking everything into account, I should state that Up the Down Staircase is the illuminating tale about an optimistic educator who doesn’t give up herself to a feeling of detachment in demonstrate hatred for all challenges she stands up to. Bel Kaufman demonstrates her solid aspiration to battle against built up propensities and locate the correct method for good instructing.

DePaul Admissions The SAT Scores, ACT Scores, and GPA You Need to Get In

DePaul University, located in Chicago, is perfect for anyone looking to live in a truly amazing city. Its central Lincoln Park campus is close to downtown, Lake Michigan, and a million other gems Chicago has to offer. As an alumnus, I may be a teeny bit biased, but I genuinely loved going to school there. Most importantly, I received an excellent education and thoroughly enjoyed my classes. DePaul University is currently ranked #125 in national universities and is considered relatively easy to get into. That said, you’ll still need to meet their requirements and be prepared for rigorous academics if you want to call yourself a blue demon. We’ll give you the complete rundown on how to get into DePaul, but first, here are some quick DePaul Admissions Statistics. DePaul Admissions Statistics at a Glance DePaul SAT scores (average composite score of admitted students)No longer required, but historically 1187 out of 1600 DePaul ACT scores (average composite score of admitted students) No longer required, but historically 25 out of 36 DePaul GPA (average of admitted students) 3.6 out of 4.0 DePaul’s acceptance Rate About 67% Now that you have a general sense of what you’ll need to get into DePaul, let’s take a look at closer look at all of their requirements. Standardized Tests at DePaul University The ACT and the SAT are now completely optional when applying to DePaul University. The admissions board is aiming for a more holistic evaluation of applications, and will prioritize grades over test scores moving forward. You can read more about DePauls decision to become test-optional in 2012, but the school has stressed that doing so encourages both diversity and academic prestige. This is also a great FAQ page about standardized tests at DePaul that addresses many of the questions you may have about applying test-optional. Keep in mind that you’re more than welcome to submit your test scores if you’d like them to be part of your application. Because you may choose to submit test scores to DePaul, next we’ll go over exactly what SAT and ACT scores you’ll need to get in. DePaul SAT Scores Historically, the average composite SAT score at DePaul is 1187, which is considered fairly competitive. In terms of your actual chances of getting in with a given SAT score, it’s best to consider percentiles: The 25th percentile for DePaul SAT scores is 1080 The 75th percentile for DePaul SAT scores is 1290 Okay, but what does this actually mean? It means that a score of 1080 or below will place you below average compared to other students who are admitted to DePaul. On the other hand, if you score a 1290 or above, you’ll be above average. In other words, you’ll want to aim for a 1290 or above if you intend to submit SAT scores to DePaul. As far as the percentiles for the individual sections of the SAT, they shake out like this: SAT SectionAverage25th Percentile75th Percentile Math570530640 Reading/Writing597550650 Composite 118710801290 Remember that if you’re applying with test scores, you’ll want them to be competitive, so aim for the 75th percentile in each category and you’ll be in good shape. One last thing to know about submitting your SAT scores to DePaul is that SAT Essay is not required, but is optional as well. DePaul ACT Scores The average composite ACT score of students accepted to DePaul is 25, but again, percentiles tell us more about what you’ll actually need to for a competitive application. The ACT percentiles are as follows: The 25th percentile for DePaul ACT scores is 22 The 75th percentile for DePaul ACT scores is 28 A 22 or lower will put you below average compared to other applicants and a 28 or higher will put you above average. So your sweet spot to aim for if you’re applying with ACT scores is 28. If you’re taking the ACT it’s also good to know that you control which results get sent to DePaul. This means you take the test as many times as necessary to get a competitive score you are happy with! Also, the Writing test is optional, even if you do choose to submit your ACT scores. Average DePaul GPA The average high school GPA of students admitted to DePaul University is 3.6, which is pretty competitive. As mentioned earlier, DePauls admissions board looks most closely at your grades (reflected by your GPA), so this is where you’ll want to focus your attention if you want to get into DePaul. A cumulative GPA of 3.6 is a B+ average, reflecting mostly A’s and B’s, and possibly a C or two (if all of your other grades are very high). High grades in honors, AP, and/or IB classes will make you application stand out, and depending on how your GPA is calculated at your high school, will raise your overall GPA. A’s in challenging classes show the admissions board that you are ready for the academic rigor of college. As far as your chances of getting into DePaul with various GPAs: High School GPADePaul Freshman Scoring Within This Range 3.75+43% 3.50 to 3.75 18% 3.25 to 3.50 17% 3.00 to 3.25 12% 2.75 to 3.00 9% 2.50 to 2.75 1% 2.25 to 2.50 2.00 to 2.25 As you can see, your chances of getting admitted drop significantly with a GPA below 3.75, and again below 3.50. So if you’re applying to DePaul with a lower GPA, you’ll want to be a good test-taker and submit your ACT and/or SAT scores as well. One last thing to keep in mind about your GPA is that it’s very hard to change after your sophomore year, so you’ll want to get good grades early on and keep them up over the course of your high school career. DePaul Acceptance Rate DePaul University’s acceptance rate is about 65%, which is pretty high. But as you’ll notice, some of the application requirements (specifically GPA) are fairly competitive, meaning you’ll have to meet or exceed them to get in. In short, while DePaul offers admissions to a large pool of students annually, their standards for those students are consistently high. It remains to be seen how the test-optional policy will affect DePauls acceptance rate long-term, but the goal is to attract the best, brightest, and most well-rounded students possible. DePauls Freshman Profile This is a very useful overview of freshman enrollment for the class of 2022, which constitutes the most recent information out there. Perhaps most noteworthy, DePaul is a highly diverse university, with students of color comprising 44% of the class of 2022. Per the freshman enrollment report linked above there are: 1,342 Caucasian students 557 Hispanic/Latino students 243 Asian students 164 African-American students 168 students from multiracial/non-Hispanic backgrounds 45 students from other/unreported backgrounds 51 international students 2 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander students 3 American Indian/Alaska Native students Additionally, 33% of this incoming class are first generation students, meaning the first in their families to attend college! Of that group of students, 45% come from the suburbs of Chicago. DePaul Admissions Requirements Here’s a to-the-point application checklist for undergraduate applicants: An online application Your ACT or SAT scores (included on your transcript or sent directly from a testing agency), unless you are applying test-optional Answers to a series of short questions if you’re applying test-optional Records of your Advanced Placement test scores and credit, if you have earned it Your complete high school transcripts along with a school counselor recommendation form FAQs About DePaul Admissions How do I get into DePaul’s Theatre School? DePaul’s Theatre School is highly prestigious and therefore competitive. Here is a great FAQ page about the Theatre School that can help you through the application process. Does DePaul use the Common App? If you are applying for early action or for Fall of 2019 or beyond, you can use the Common App, short for the Common Application to apply to DePaul University. Keep in mind that as part of this application, you will have to complete a Common App essay. Here’s more information on how to write an outstanding Common App essay that will help make your application shine. Does DePaul require letters of recommendation? Besides the required letter of recommendation from your counselor, you are not required to submit any additional letters. However, if you’d like to, you may submit up to 3 additional letters of recommendation, which can help create a clearer (and more impressive) picture of you as a candidate. Check out this handy guide to asking for a letter of recommendation for college! How to Get Into DePaul University So after everything we’ve gone over, here’s our short and sweet advice for ensuring entrance into DePaul University: Earn a GPA of 3.75 or higher Score a 1290 or higher on the SAT (if you’re submitting SAT scores) Score a 28 or higher on the ACT (if you’re submitting ACT scores) Write a strong, thoughtful, polished Common App essay Write strong, thoughtful, polished responses to the application questions if you are applying test-optional Provide extra letters of recommendation from teachers who know you well and can speak to your academic ability, growth, potential, and character Participate in plenty of extracurricular activities And of course, if you plan to take the SAT and/or ACT, you want to start prepping early! Check out our 1-week SAT free trial and 1-week ACT free trial to get you started! Happy studying and good luck!

As The Sovereignty Of Parliament - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1427 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? The doctrine of precedent plays a vital role in the English law because of common law tradition which is the main source for English law. However, British people believe that there is nothing important than Westminster Parliament, because Parliament can decide anything with a simple majority and it is the supreme legal authority which creates or ends any law. The idea of Parliament sovereignty is very powerful in creating the democratic society and is more complete in England than practically else in the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "As The Sovereignty Of Parliament" essay for you Create order However, in this essay I will discuss the role of the doctrine of precedent in the English law where the idea of Parliament sovereignty confronts to the traditions of common law system. Moreover, I will show how European Union law does affect the Parliament sovereignty in England. Finally the conclusion of the whole topic will be provided and summarized. The doctrine of precedent The doctrine of precedent term is used in common law tradition countries. Common law is a system of law that prevails in England. The name is derived from the medieval theory that the law administered by the kings courts represented the common system of the realm, as opposed to the custom of local jurisdiction that was applied in local or manorial courts. (Malika M. 2010) Later as a result of British colonization, common law was adopted in many countries such as Australia, India, Hong Kong, and East Asia. In common tradition countries the cases are resolved according to the previous cases precedents, which show the principle of stare decisis, or also known as the doctrine of precedents which means decide similar cases similarly. Moreover, cases are the primary sources of English law in decision making process; hence the courts will resolve problems quicker because they can just apply precedents to matter by using this database. The principle of the doctrine of precedent wasnt a lways applied strictly. In medieval England, courts investigate earlier cases for assistance but they could reject those which were considered a bad law. Moreover, due to the fact that there was a lack of reliable written reports of cases, courts pay less attention on the previous decisions. Only in early 1800s in the United States official reports of cases began to be available, but until 1865 semiofficial reports were not produced in England at all. When, finally reports became available for lawyers and judges in England, they could more accurately interpret prior decisions. For the doctrine of precedent to be effective, each jurisdiction must have one highest court to declare what the law is in a precedent-setting case. Whatever courts decide becomes judicial precedent or it is also known as judge made law. According to Wisegeek this term developed from the fact whereas legislation is passed in the majority of the countries by a separate legislative branch, when the courts are able to exercise a moderate amount of quasi-legislative power through the use of precedent and case law (Wisegeek, 2008). Sometimes, a judge may purposely act against established case law in an effort to begin the process of re-examining a precedent and maybe totally changing it. However, the judge will face with problem of rigidity in common law system; because he or she has to push the case into higher courts where the old established precedents should be re-examined in favor of a new outlook. According to Legal-Directory.net, internet resource, the possibility that case-law will be abrogated or modified by legislation alleviates the disadvantage of rigidity to some degree, but in practice it is rare for the legislation to interfere with case-law. However, according to my opinion, rigidity will promote the quickness of decision making process. Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory The concept of Parliament sovereignty can be drawn from the glorious revolution with the Bill of Rights in 1689. The principal provisions of the Bill of Rights are the following; 1) the Crown is not allowed to suspend or execute laws without parliamentary consent 2) the use of money by the Crown without parliamentary consent is illegal 3) the elections of members of Parliament have to be free 4) jury trial must be available 5) raising or keeping an army in peacetime without parliamentary consent are illegal. However, we can see the promotion of Parliament power in every part of the England life. The constitutional structure in modern England is not complex. Moreover UK doesnt have written or codified single document which is called constitution. Main principle of the British constitution can be expressed in a bald and fair manner. According to source, A statute, that is a piece of legislation produced by Parliament, is generally regarded as the highest form of law within the Bri tish constitutional structure. The Westminster Parliament is considered as a sovereign law-maker. In order to describe the concept of parliamentary sovereignty, we will use the Orthodox theory. In the late XIX century this legal theory was developed by an Oxford law professor, A. V. Dicey, in the first edition of his textbook, An introduction to the study of the law of the constitution. Dicey exerted great influence on British constitutional law, but many legal scholars thought that it was untrue because Dicey could not express the concept of democracy as it is now understood. For instance, Dicey thought that during Parliamentary elections women and working class people can not vote. However, it is important to understand the basic features of his theory. Dicey suggested that the parliamentary sovereignty has two features a positive and a negative one. The positive and negative points of Diceys theory Positive point of Diceyans theory of parliamentary sovereignty is well expressed in the following concept that Parliament can produce or abolish any law they want with a simple majority of votes of the House of Commons members. In addition any particular bill is then approved by both members in the House of Lords and by the Monarch, thereafter the bill becomes an Act, irrespective of its contents. There are no limits used to the substance of statute law in technical legal terms; Parliament can make law that it wishes. Surprisingly it doesnt matter how big the majority in Parliament it is for particular measure; an Act passed by a majority of one in both the House of Commons and the parliamentary sovereignty House of Lords is an authoritative as legislation which receives unanimous support. In this case we can measure that there is no distinction between ordinary and constitutional (or fundamental) law. Parliament maw behave itself just in the same way while it deals with ordinar y issues or of no particular importance issue, or in case of vitally important matters. The negative point proposition can be expressed in the following way that an Act of Westminster Parliament cannot be abolished or changed by any British courts. There is no special procedure in British constitution which states that an Act of Parliament can be legally invalid. However if the statute was established and approved by Parliament, nobody can change it, even constitution of UK, because we face here with the pure Parliament sovereignty conception. According to the Diceyan theory there is no higher form of law than the will of Parliament. European Union law and its effect on the Parliament Sovereignty The Law of EU is very unique and special system in the world. Any legal acts, directives, decisions or regulations which are made by European Parliament have a binding force for all Members of Union. It is obvious that if Court of Justice of the European Union made any decision on a particular case, henceforth it becomes a judicial precedent for those members who follow the common law traditions including England. The parliament sovereignty in the England system is strongly affected by UKs membership of the European Union. As we discussed that the laws of the EU has a binding force on all member states it is logical to say that it takes precedent over English domestic law. Moreover, EU legislation automatically becomes law in UK including England irrespective of the opinion of Westminster Parliament. However, parliament could agree to abolish previous legislation or quit the EU to demonstrate the existence of parliament sovereignty. English sovereignty has lost its power sinc e the 1986 when the Single European Act and the Maastrict Treaty was adopted where the range of policy areas was extended on which EU can legislate. Thereafter many British Conservative members of the European Parliament think that they should be dealt with at a national level and they continually vote against many proposals and it is not because of members disagreements they just want to show the national coherence. Conclusion

Tesco Boston Matrix and Ansoff Matrix - 1156 Words

Access to Business Unit Title: Marketing - Level 3 Credit Value: 6 credits Tutor: Alison Unwin Unit Code: 3-BA1-045 Email: aunwin@centralbeds.ac.uk This unit has 4 learning outcomes. LEARNING OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT CRITERIA PROPOSED ASSESSMENT EVIDENCE (TBC) Assessment Evidence Answer paper The Learner should be able to: 1. Establish the importance of the marketing environment The Learner can: 1.1 Analyses the difference between micro and macro environmental factors 1.2 Compare and contrast a minimum of two tools such as SWOT and POWER SWOT and apply to business solutions 1.3 Critically contrast Primary and Secondary research methods 2.1 Evaluate the use of tools such as Boston and Ansoff Matrix to business situations 2.2†¦show more content†¦You will be required to advise the business on a number of aspects and give a written report to your selected business. Please choose a business that you would like to use as your case study for the whole unit. Choose carefully and pick a business that you find interesting or already work/ed for. You will be required to research the business and its marketing strategies, so make sure your business has plenty of information available to you via various research methods, i.e. publications, internet, journals etc.. 3 Learning Outcome No 1 (Establish the importance of the marketing environment) Answer paper 1.1 Analyse the difference between micro and macro environmental factors Please use your chosen business and analyse the difference between the micro and macro environmental factor that concern your business. 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Family History, Religion, Nationality, And Legacy Essay Example For Students

Family History, Religion, Nationality, And Legacy Essay Throughout my life I have heard a wide range of stories from my parents. When putting this assignment together I have put these stories into account. Randall Bass, educator of English at Georgetown University, concurs that stories shape individuals personalities. Bass expresses that, People infer their feeling of personality from their way of life, and societies are frameworks of conviction that decide how individuals experience their lives (Bass 1). Social stories about family history, religion, nationality, and legacy impact individuals conduct and convictions. Personalities of diverse individuals originate from their societies. Narrating starts at home. Stories associate individuals to their frameworks of convictions. They shape individuals lives by giving them a model of how to live. Individuals get their most punctual learning from distinctive stories. (Bass) One awesome story my family has let me know is my family s history. My maternal grandma s guardians went to the United States from Ukraine by vessel around 1906 or 1907. They at first settled in Export, PA, in light of the fact that they had relatives and companions living there. My grandma was conceived in 1921 and was the seventh of eight youngsters. A year after she was conceived, they moved to Warren, OH, where they stayed until my grandma moved on from secondary school. The family s religion was Ukrainian Orthodox. My grandma grew up communicating in Ukrainian and English. Ukrainian was talked in the home, and English was talked at school. My grandma began kindergarten at the age five knowing no English. She grabbed the English dialect from her colleagues. My grandma s family did not claim an auto. Each Easter, they strolled around seven miles to go to. . rthdays and Christmas. Cards show friendship and importance towards relatives. A long time later, I can glance back at them and recall how much my family cherishes and thinks about me. I keep every one of my cards in a few scrapbooks. These are all great cases of recollections I will esteem for whatever is left of my life. Finding out about antiques, relics, and customs through narrating has formed who I am. These three things have inhabited of all societies to realize who they are. Family customs demonstrate how individuals experience their lives and cooperate with others. They additionally indicate how individuals respond when a relative weds into a group of an alternate ethnic foundation. Relics are great cases of material things that can instruct about one s family history. Antiquities show who individuals are. This is valid for every single ethnic foundation.

Islamic Architecture Essay Example

Islamic Architecture Essay Islam was practiced throughout Arabia and was soon adapted into the cultures of the Middle East and beyond. Islamic architecture was comprised of mausoleums and mosques. At first, Islam had no architectural tradition of their own, so they borrowed extensively from the styles, forms, and methods that already existed in order to create their own architectural traditions that followed strict beliefs and values of Islam. The assimilation of Islam gave way to a beautiful mixture of beliefs and cultures that was reflected in the architecture. The Islamic religion is a monotheistic religion where God is called Allah, and was first practiced in Mecca, Arabia around the year of 610. People who practiced this religion were called Muslims. Muslims believed that their faith was the final revelation of Gods truth- the first and second manifestations being Judaism and Christianity (text pg. 256). Muhammad was the most prolific Islamic prophet that received his calling to recite the word of God at the age of forty. He continued to recite the word of Allah for the next twenty years, traveling from Mecca and ending in Medina. He repeated the messages he received from Allah to scribes so that they could be written down. The Quran is composed of those messages, and are the religious scriptures of Islam. We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic Architecture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic Architecture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic Architecture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Allahs greatest creation was mankind, who has the capability to live with God in the afterlife if their lives on earth followed the Islamic teachings. These teachings state that a Muslim must follow the five pillars of Islam. The five pillars of Islam include: belief in Allah as the only supreme being, repeating the Islamic creed at least once in a lifetime with conviction, reciting the daily prayer five times a day, helping the needy through charity, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime is required for all able bodied adult Muslims. From the Mosque of Sultan Sulayman located in Istanbul, Turkey to the Taj Mahal mausoleum in Agra, India the impact of the Islamic religion shines through in the architecture. However similar, these two structures also display apparent differences reflective of the local cultures that existed during the time of construction. In general, mosques were always oriented towards Mecca and consisted of covered walkways, columns and arches, a small niche or mihrab that faced Mecca, and a fountain placed in an open courtyard, that the Muslims used for purification. Islamic architecture also had minarets built beside the structure, which were large towers, typically used for muezzins to call to other Muslims when it was time to pray. In Istanbul, the most prominent mosque is the Mosque of Sultan Sulayman. It was built between the years of 1550 and 1557 and its sheer size reflects the importance Islam had on this culture. The Mosque of Sultan Sulayman was consciously modeled after the great Byzantine church, Hagia Sophia, which was built approximately one thousand years earlier. However similar, the Muslim mosque was larger and positively magnificent, even the courtyard was sheltered with the same elaborate roofing system displayed on the mosque. The focal point of the structure is a large central dome with smaller domes and half domes encircling it. People visiting Istanbul would sense that it served a powerful religion from how it overshadows the surrounding scenery, a symbol of the strength of the Islamic religion. Its massive stone exterior is offset by the playfulness of the domes. Light and shadows accentuate the rolling hills of the rooftop. The domes exude a mystical sense of the clouds in heaven and stand ing by are the minarets, stretching upward towards the skies. Beauty and goodness is equivalent to Allah, and the Muslims portrayed this feeling into the architecture of the Mosque of Sultan Sulayman. In India, one of the most famous buildings is the Taj Mahal. It was built between the years of 1630 and 1648. Islam was introduced to India, which mainly believed in the Hindu religion, in the eighth century and slowly made a larger impact as the years progressed. The human equality of Islam appealed to the Hindus, which lead to the conversion of many natives. The Taj Mahal was constructed after the Islamic faith had taken a hold of the Indian culture. This driving force created one of the most spectacular buildings that still survive today. A stunning display of architecture, the same Islamic principle of beauty and goodness is equivalent to Allah, is evident. The white exterior resembles the purity of Allah. The large central dome is a striking focal point and the entire mausoleum rises up from the earth like a lone mountain. Images of the enchanted setting are mirrored in the waters reflection. Water was used for purification at a mosque yet here it added another layer of texture to the overall appearance. The emphasis on height and the use of vertical lines is reminiscent of the Hindu temples, while the use of arches, minarets and domes speaks true to the Islamic influence. The Taj Mahal was built in honor of and in memory for Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of Muslim Shah Jahan, whereas the mosque was strictly built in honor of Allah. Overall, the Taj Mahal was constructed in a serene environment that blended both nature and architecture seamlessly, an expression of love that inspired a fine specimen of building art. Since Islam did not encourage different art forms, the Mosque of Sultan Sulayman and the Taj Mahal are expressions of art. The mixture of beliefs and culture, and the complexity and careful planning of the layouts personify Islamic architecture.

French Direct Objects and Direct Object Pronouns

French Direct Objects and Direct Object Pronouns Direct objects are the people or things in a sentence that receive the action of the verb. To find the direct object in a sentence, ask the question Who? or What?: Je vois Pierre. – I see Pierre. (Who do I see? – Pierre)Je mange le pain. – Im eating the bread. (What am I eating? – bread) Direct object pronouns are the words that replace the direct object to avoid repetition. If it werent for direct object pronouns, we would be saying things like Marie was at the bank today. When I saw Marie, I smiled. Instead, we usually say Marie was at the bank today. When I saw her, I smiled. The use of direct object pronouns makes sentences sound more natural. The Direct Object Pronouns The French direct object pronouns are: Me / m  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  meTe / t  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ youLe / l   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ him, itLa / l  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  her, itNous  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  usVous  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  youLes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ them Me and te change to m and t, respectively, in front of a vowel or mute H. Le and la both change to l. Like indirect object pronouns, French direct object pronouns are placed in front of the verb. Je le mange. – Im eating it.Il la voit. – He sees her.  Je taime. – I love you.Tu maimes. – You love me. General Rules Four main constructions use the French neuter object pronoun. 1. To Replace or Refer to an Idea Contained in an Adjective, Noun, or Clause This is the case in the following examples: Si tu es  satisfait, je  le  suis aussi. – If youre  satisified, I am too.Êtes-vous  amà ©ricain?  Oui, je  le  suis. – Are you  American? Yes, I am.Il est  espion!  Non, il ne  lest pas. –  Hes a  spy!  No, hes not.Il taime. Jespà ¨re que tu  le  comprends. – He loves you. I hope you understand  that.  Ã‚  Je vais me venger. Je  le  jure! – ​I will get revenge. I swear  it! 2. In the Second Clause of a Comparison This is the case after  the words aussi,  autre,  autrement,  comme,  plus,  moins,  mieux. Note that the  ne  which shows up in the second clause of many of these examples is also optional. Il est plus  grand  que je ne  le  croyais. – Hes  taller  than I thought.Cela  vaut  moins que tu ne  le  penses. – Thats  worth  less than you think.Elle est  autre  quil ne  lespà ©rait. – Shes  different  than he hoped.Il nest pas aussi  stupide  quon  le  croit. – Hes not  as stupid  as people think.Ce nest pas gentil de  parler des autres  comme tu  le  fais. – Its not nice to  talk about others  like you do. 3. With Negative Expressions of Opinion and Desire: Ne Pas Penser, Ne Pas Vouloir, Ne Pas Croire Va-t-il  venir?  Je ne  le  pense pas. – Is he going to come?  I dont think so.Allez,  viens  avec nous!  Je ne  le  veux pas. – Come on, come with us! I dont want to. 4. With the Verbs Croire, Devoir, Dire, Falloir, Oser, Penser,  Pouvoir,  Savoir,  Vouloir Comme vous  le  dites,  ce  nest pas juste. – As you say,  its not fair.Viens  quand tu  le  pourras. – Come  when you can.Il pourrait  aider  sil  le  voulait. –  He could  help  if he wanted to. Tips and Notes When a direct object precedes a verb conjugated into a compound tense such as the passà © composà ©, the past participle has to agree with the direct object.   If youre having trouble deciding between direct and indirect objects, the general rule is that if the person or thing is preceded by a preposition, that person is an indirect object. If its not preceded by a preposition, it is a direct object.

Promotion plan for increasing attendance at a minor league baseball Essay

Promotion plan for increasing attendance at a minor league baseball game - Essay Example Because of the existence of multiple number of minor league baseball games in the same country, the marketers for these baseball leagues often try to implement a series of promotion tactics so as to lure the fans of the baseball games. Some of the promotional tactics that are used by the marketers for increasing the popularity of the baseball games comprises of night time fireworks, concessions on fooding items. Also, some marketers focus on executing promotions by conducting three legged races as well as various other contests for children. Also, organizing of concerts, comedy, magic acts are performed to lure the interest of the sports fans for the minor league baseball games (Anderson, â€Å"Not So Minor Attractions†). However, to present a unique kind of promotional campaign in this case, focus has to be given to design a campaign which is different from the existing promotional clutter. The promotional idea that will be recommended in this case will be a mix of both online and offline medium. Selecting the Promotional Approach While designing the promotion for the league baseball games, the SMART objectives that were designed have to be considered. The SMART objectives focused on raising the level of popularity as well as the sale of merchandises from the gift shops.... Also, some marketers focus on executing promotions by conducting three legged races as well as various other contests for children. Also, organizing of concerts, comedy, magic acts are performed to lure the interest of the sports fans for the minor league baseball games (Anderson, â€Å"Not So Minor Attractions†). However, to present a unique kind of promotional campaign in this case, focus has to be given to design a campaign which is different from the existing promotional clutter. The promotional idea that will be recommended in this case will be a mix of both online and offline medium. Selecting the Promotional Approach While designing the promotion for the league baseball games, the SMART objectives that were designed have to be considered. The SMART objectives focused on raising the level of popularity as well as the sale of merchandises from the gift shops. Since the expected fans of the baseball games will be mostly young parents and kids who will fall in the category of Gen X and Gen Y category, hence to develop a connect with them, the online medium will be used. Promotion of the event will be carried out in the online networking sites by creating a Facebook Page and thereby providing updates about the latest happening for the minor baseball league games. Also, the Facebook Page can be used to conduct online contests targeted towards the young audience and thereby distributing rewards and freebies to the contest winners. This will help in boosting the interest and attendance rate for the games. Also, the traditional advertising medium can be used as a support process for increasing the awareness and interest for the baseball games of the minor league. For doing promotions using the traditional medium, the marketer can

Reflection to ANMC Codes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection to ANMC Codes - Assignment Example Thus the use of reflective nursing practice has been associated with the positive improvement in the practice and attitude of the nurses’ hence better care is provided (James and Freshwater, 2005). Professional practice Nursing students are trained through apprenticeship as they are taught the skills in a classroom setup before they are shown how to use them in care giving. The practice of the nursing knowledge and skills is done in a hospital setup under the guidance of an instructor. The clinical setup has often been a source of reflective ideas towards improvement of individual student in their bid for professionalism (James and Freshwater, 2005). A student during a post-clinical briefing and counseling session disclosed the following event that she finds to have helped him develop professionally. That one day during the normal daily activities a client was admitted into the ward he was. He develop a concern in the reason for the patients admission hence went in to learn mo re from the history documented about the patient. The history he found was poorly taken hence decided to take his own history from the patient. The patient had been stabilized and was under monitoring. The patient was on infusion antibiotics (penicillin) yet he was developing fever which was spiking. The student found out from the history he got that the patient was allergic to penicillin and hence he could link the spiking fever to a hypersensitivity reaction. He quickly went to the instructors and informed them of his findings hence a corrective action was taken thus the patient was safe and recuperated well (James and Freshwater, 2005). While reflecting on that day’s events, he noted that his concern for the patient and incorporation of his knowledge in the clinical practice helped identify the cause of poor response to medication and hence salvaged the situation. This event helped the student realize the importance of history taking in health care provision and hence a bo ot towards his professional practices (James and Freshwater, 2005). Critical thinking and analysis Critical thinking and analysis is core to the nursing practice. Critical thinking is the ability to identify a need and develop a solution within the shortest time.it involves analysis of the possible solutions available and picking on the best option at for the good of the patient. A nurse has to continually think critically while handling the different patients with different needs hence analysis skills are very important for the nurse.in medical practice, the analysis and prioritizing criteria employed is referred to as triage. The triaging process involves critical thinking and analysis of the different conditions the patients are presenting with in order to classify them in order of their need for care and their mortality (James and Freshwater, 2005). A student in the casualty is often faced with psychological trauma when they are expected to identify the patients in order of thei r needs for consultation. It is difficult to side-line a patient who feels they need urgent care and that their lives are in danger. The triaging process was introduced in the hospitals to provide for a criterion through which the patients may be assessed to determine their urgency for care.This initiative was met with a lot of

A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle Essay Example for Free

A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle Essay First built in the early 1900s by inventors tinkering with combinations of the electric motor and the gasoline engine, hybrid vehicles were dropped when gasoline-fueled vehicles became more reliable and easier to start, and gasoline fuel more readily available. Research and development of hybrid vehicles was revived by concern about oil dependency in the1970s and about air pollution in the late 1980s. A number of hybrid vehicles have been built and tested since 1980. Some of these vehicles have impressed analysts with their performance and low levels of exhaust and petroleum consumption. Interest in hybrid vehicles jumped in late 1993 with the announcement of funding for two major collaborations. The US Department of Energy signed a five-year, $138 million development agreement with General Motors and a $122 million agreement with Ford to design and build preproduction hybrid prototypes that could be marketed in less than 10 years. [1] All these were done because hybrid electric vehicles are expected to be the future of vehicles worldwide. Definition One considers a vehicle to be a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. For example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its rider. Similarly, the gasoline-electric hybrid car is a combination of both an electric car and a gasoline-powered one. That is, it makes use of both electricity and gasoline to provide the energy to turn the wheels of the car. Figure 1 shows a gas-powered car. [2] Components Of A Gasoline Powered Car The 4-cylinder engine converts gasoline into motion so that the car can move. The easiest way it does this is to burn the gasoline inside the engine. Therefore is acts as an internal combustion engine i. e. combustion takes place internally. Gasoline powered car engines typically have over 100 horsepower and operate at speeds up to 8000 RPM. The fuel tank stores and supplies gasoline to the engine. It can typically store enough fuel to provide the engine with energy capable of moving the car through a distance of 300 miles or more. Figure 2 below shows an electric car, which has a set of batteries that provides electricity to an electric motor. The motor turns a transmission, and the transmission turns the wheels. [3] Components Of An Electric Car The batteries store and provide energy to the electric motor in an electric car just as the fuel tank does for the engine in a gasoline powered car. It usually gives the car a range of 50 100 miles which is much less than that typically provided by a fuel tank (300 miles). The electric motor is the device that provides motion in an electric car. It converts the energy it receives from the batteries into motion which is used to turn a transmission which then in turn rotates the wheels. It is able to spin up to 15000 RPM and has up to 100 kW of power. Since this motion is connected to the transmission, the transmission also spins the wheel up to this rate. Thus, electric cars would tend to move faster than gasoline powered cars. Components Common To Both The Electric Car And The Gasoline Powered Car The transmission is the device that does the actual turning of the wheel in both cars. There are several ways of combining the two sources of power found in a hybrid car. The Parallel Hybrid Car: This has a fuel tank which supplies gasoline to the engine. In addition, it has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the engine motor can turn the transmission at the same time and the transmission then turns the wheels. Figure 3 shows a typical parallel hybrid. The fuel tank and gas engine connect to the transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connect to the transmission independently. As a result, in a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide propulsion power. The Series Hybrid Car: The gasoline engine in this car turns a generator and the generator can either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission. Thus the gasoline engine never directly powers the vehicle. All of the components form a line that eventually connects with the transmission. [4] Hybrid Components Gasoline engine The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency. The engine turns the generator. It is not able to power the car directly. Fuel tank The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline. Electric motor The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries. Generator The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids. It is where the gas engines power gets converted to electrical power to drive the motor or charge the batteries. Batteries The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them. They can store energy recovered from braking or generated by the motor. Transmission The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional car i.e. turns the wheels. The motor can spin fast enough so that the transmission needs only one gear. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, have conventional transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Prius, have radically different ones like the CVT. CVT stands for Continuously Variable Transmission. It is used to vary the transmission ratio in vehicles continuously. The way CVT works depends on the type: Friction CVTs vary the radius of the contact point between two rotating objects, thus the tangential velocity; Hydrostatic CVTs vary the fluid flow with variable displacement pumps into hydrostatic motors; Ratcheting CVTs vary the stroke of a reciprocating motion, which is connected to a free-wheel, resulting unidirectional rotation. Image courtesy DaimlerChrysler The Mercedes-Benz M-Class HYPER a hybrid concept vehicle[5] Reasons For The Introduction Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles To reduce tailpipe emissions: Gasoline cars are a major source of these emissions. Many attempts are being made by several organizations to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from cars through the development of hybrid electric vehicles. For example, Nutley, NJ-based Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. (Roche), the U. S. prescription drug unit of the Roche Group, recently announced plans to integrate Toyota Prius and Ford Escape hybrid electric vehicles into its pharmaceutical sales fleet in an effort to help achieve the companys goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 10 percent over the next five years. [6] To improve mileage: Automakers in the US need to meet Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards as required by law. At present, all new cars sold should be 27. 5mpg (8. 55 liters per 100km). [7] To overcome the shortcomings of an electric car: Electric cars have a short charge. They lacked the range (energy density of electric-vehicle batteries hovered around 70 to 100 watt-hours per kilogram, which automotive engineers called unacceptable) and the quick recharge time the auto industry said it needed. An example is seen in the case where GM introduced the EV1 in 1996. It had a top speed of 183 MPH, faster than any other production car out. It had a limiter that would not let it get above 85 MPH, because to drive the car at 183 MPH would deplete the batteries of their charge within 10 minutes. [8] Energy Consumption: Hybrid Electric Vehicles consume less energy than Internal-Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. [9] Why Are Hybrid Electric Vehicles A Better Choice? An important aspect of hybrid electric vehicles is that they make use of smaller engines. There are many advantages to this: Big engines are heavier than smaller ones so the car uses more energy anytime it accelerates or drives up a hill. The displacement of the cylinders is larger so each cylinder requires a greater volume of fuel. Bigger engines usually have more cylinders, and each cylinder uses fuel every time the engine fires, even if the car isnt moving. These are the reasons there is a difference in the mileage of two cars of the same model with different engines. If both cars are driving along the freeway at the same speed, the one with the smaller engine uses less energy. Both engines have to output the same amount of power to drive the car, but the small engine uses less power to drive itself. In a hybrid car, the gasoline engine can be much smaller than the one in a conventional car and thus can be more efficient. The engine in the hybrid car is powerful enough to move the car along on the freeway, but when it needs to get the car moving in a hurry, or go up a steep hill, it needs help. That help comes from the electric motor and battery this system steps in to provide the necessary extra power. The gas engine on a conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement (those few times when you floor the accelerator pedal). In fact, most drivers use the peak power of their engines less than one percent of the time. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, one that is sized closer to the average power requirement than to the peak power. Ways Hybrid Electric Vehicles Reduce Energy Consumption Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, todays hybrids use many other tricks to increase fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help any type of car get better mileage, and some only apply to a hybrid. To squeeze every last mile out of a gallon of gasoline, a hybrid car can: Recover energy and store it in the battery Whenever you step on the brake pedal in your car, you are removing energy from the car. The faster a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has. The brakes of a car remove this energy and dissipate it in the form of heat. A hybrid car can capture some of this energy and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by using regenerative braking. That is, instead of just using the brakes to stop the car, the electric motor that drives the hybrid can also slow the car. In this mode, the electric motor acts as a generator and charges the batteries while the car is slowing down. Sometimes shut off the engine A hybrid car does not need to rely on the gasoline engine all of the time because it has an alternate power source the electric motor and batteries. So the hybrid car can sometimes turn off the gasoline engine, for example when the vehicle is stopped at a red light. Figure 5. The frontal area profile of a small and large car Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag When you are driving on the freeway, most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the car through the air. This force is known as aerodynamic drag. This drag force can be reduced in a variety of ways. One sure way is to reduce the frontal area of the car (Figure 5). Think of how a big SUV has to push a much greater area through the air than a tiny sports car. Reducing disturbances around objects that stick out from the car or eliminating them altogether can also help to improve the aerodynamics. For example, covers over the wheel housings smooth the airflow and reduce drag. And sometimes, mirrors are replaced with small cameras. Use low-rolling resistance tires The tires on most cars are optimized to give a smooth ride, minimize noise, and provide good traction in a variety of weather conditions. But they are rarely optimized for efficiency. In fact, the tires cause a surprising amount of drag while you are driving. Hybrid cars use special tires that are both stiffer and inflated to a higher pressure than conventional tires. The result is that they cause about half the drag of regular tires. Use lightweight materials Reducing the overall weight of a car is one easy way to increase the mileage. A lighter vehicle uses less energy each time you accelerate or drive up a hill. Composite materials like carbon fiber or lightweight metals like aluminum and magnesium can be used to reduce weight. [10] Despite the advantages of hybrid vehicles, they are a middling choice whose future is far from assured. They are likely to be a victim of regulatory circumstance in the near term, pushed aside by improvements in gasoline emissions and by the Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) mandate which states that a specified percentage of manufacturers sales consist of ZEVs. [11] In the longer term, they will be squeezed between improving batteries and emerging fuel cells. If only fuel cells and advanced batteries falter, hybrid vehicles would have considerable promise and could play a central role in creating a more sustainable transportation system. Nissan Motor Company CEO Carlos Ghosn announced that he is unsure whether hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) will remain competitive in the compact car market if the price of gasoline drops in the future. Speaking at a news conference in Tokyo, Ghosn acknowledged that Nissan will unveil a new HEV in 2006 as planned, but only to meet tightening emission regulations in California. Ghosn expressed doubt that U. S. benchmark crude prices would remain at current levels of $50 per barrel, which is fueling strong demand for HEVs. Reuters said Nissan instead plans to market its new fuel-efficient, gasoline-powered Tiida compact car to environmentally conscious drivers. [12] Disadvantages Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles By combining two propulsion systems and their associated energy storage units, they are inherently more complex than both pure battery-powered electric and pure internal-combustion vehicles. Comments [1] Daniel Sperling; Future Drive: Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation, pg 101 [2] http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car1. htm [3] http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car1. htm [4] http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car2. htm [5] http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car3. htm [6]http://web1. infotrac. galegroup. com/itw/infomark/155/298/52759225w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A122672547dyn=5! xrn_15_0_A122672547?sw_aep=swar94187, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Today, Sept 30, 2004 p0 , Article A122672547 [7]. http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car4. htm [8] http://www. morphizm. com/observations/borah/borah_corner1. html [9] Daniel Sperling; Future Drive: Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation, pg 100 [10] http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car8. htm [11] Daniel Sperling; Future Drive: Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation, pg 2 [12] Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Today, Oct. 7, 2004, p0; Article A122947647.

Revenge :: essays research papers

REVENGE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love is a strange thing. It is strong, free, and blind. With it come many pleasures. However, what often occurs after love is the antithesis of love. Once love is lost in a person, a barrage of feelings inhabits that person. One of the darkest, strongest, most eminent emotions that occur in a person is the feeling of revenge. The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter are both classic and dated stories that are mostly based upon love, lost love, and revenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Scarlet Letter, Chillingsworth and Hester are supposed to be in love. They are married, which is a sacred bond tying two people together that love each other very much. When Hester senses that she may never again see her husband, who had all but abandoned her, she seeks comfort in the arms of another man. She thought that Chillingsworth would never find out. When he did find out, he became very angry at losing his wife; she had betrayed him. He responded by trying to kill the other party, Arthur Dimmesdale. Revenge had turned a once normal man into a blood seeking, greedy, stingy, and decrepitly weak old man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Revenge was also the driving force behind the Abigail Walker’s, a character in The Chamber, accusations of Elizabeth Proctor being a witch. John Proctor and Abigail Williams once had an affair. John was lonely and in need of human comfort, comfort his wife was unable to give in her dying state. However when she regained her health, John left Abigail and went back to his wife. Abigail was furious at his decision; she would love to get back at the hurt he caused. Abigail found her opening once the witch trials transpired. She knew that to John Proctor, losing his wife meant losing his life. Abigail saw this as the way to get him back, so she screamed “witch'; upon Elizabeth, saying “ Proctor. Abigail was willing to kill a woman just to get back at John Proctor.

Nonverbal Communication

Introduction The saying goes, â€Å"Look into a person’s eyes, and you will see their soul. † But what is it about the eyes that hold so much? Why do the eyes embrace so much emotion, so many feelings? The eyes, along with other body aspects, are able to communicate to people in ways our words cannot, for â€Å"eye contact is an invitation to communicate. If you look directly into a person’s eyes, [†¦] they will respond in some manner† (Andersen, 2004).Albert Mehrabian (1967) stated that 55% of communication is body language, 38% of communication is tonality, and 7% of communication is the actual words that are spoken (Misunderstanding Section, line 2). Altogether, 93% of communication is unspoken words – what we use to give or withhold meaning from our words. Communication is a complicated, ongoing process of sending and receiving messages. These messages provide both implicit and explicit interpretations depending on the synchrony between the spoken word and the body language associated with it.Body language is defined as â€Å"the gestures, movements, and mannerisms by which a person or animal communicates with others† (Merriam-Webster, 2011). Knowing 93% of communication lies in unspoken word, teachers must put forth an effort to communicate through their actions and tone of voice, â€Å"Teachers should be aware of nonverbal communication in the classroom for two basic reasons: to become better receivers of students' messages and to gain the ability to send positive signals that reinforce students' learning while simultaneously becoming more skilled at avoiding negative signals that stifle their learning† (Miller, 2005).Teachers need to be more concerned about their teaching-learning situations because â€Å"the pattern of behavior of the teacher affects the pattern of behavior of the learner† (Clark, 1978). With this, teachers must focus on changing the learner’s behavior by changing their own behavior. By paying attention to nonverbal communication, teachers can better manage their classroom and the learners in that environment. One major aspect of body language is eye contact, â€Å"When you fail to make eye contact with someone, you are treating her or him as a nonperson and inviting that person to  not  communicate† (Andersen, 2004, p. 6). Teachers know that students respond to how they treat them. Therefore, when they choose to interact with them, they can help regulate behaviors by maintaining eye contact. In fact, eye contact from the teacher is the most important nonverbal behavior, for â€Å"eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students. [†¦] Increasing [†¦] eye contact dramatically improves motivation in the learning process† (Andersen, 2004, p. 42). Review of Literature In 1507, Leonardo da Vinci revealed his now legendary painting  Mona Lisa.Sent ence and Verbal CommunicationStudied by many and known by all, this painting was the first study to look at body language. It intrigues so many people because the painting is so complex, just like body language. The most interesting aspect of this painting is Mona’s smile. This smile portrays more than just one emotion. In addition, Mona’s gaze follows the viewer no matter the angle she is viewed from. There are many meanings and emotions hidden in this picture and that is why it arguably is the best-known painting in the world (Riding, 2005, lines 4-6).In his book,  The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin (1872) looked at how our emotions express our feelings and thoughts. Through his many studies, Darwin was able to prove that our expressions of emotions portray more than words. Darwin studied the eyes, nose, arms, voice, and many other body features in order to verify a correlation between body language and others’ perceptions. Oft en, our facial features correlate with our tone of voice in order to express a certain feeling, â€Å"The pitch of the voice bears some relation to certain states of feeling is tolerably clear† (Darwin, 1872, p. 03). This being true, one can easily sense another’s emotion, such as high spirits, by simply focusing on the unspoken word: A [person] in high spirits, though [he/she] may not actually smile, commonly exhibits some tendency to the retraction of the corners of his mouth. From the excitement of pleasure, the circulation becomes more rapid; the eyes are bright, and the colour of the face rises. The brain, being stimulated by the increased flow of blood, reacts on the mental powers; lively ideas pass still more rapidly through the mind, and the affections are warmed (Darwin, 1872, p. 696-697).Darwin claims that our emotions are intricately intertwined with our whole body. Our emotions, mind, and body work as one to send signals to other people. People use body lan guage to help drive interaction and keep others engaged. But what happens when our body language is not the same â€Å"language† as someone from another country? This poses a problem not only in society but in classrooms as well. Teachers are being asked more and more to create an atmosphere of inclusivity in order to accommodate for diverse populations including gender, ethnicity, religion, and ability. Debra Pitton et. al. 1993) stated teachers have a responsibility to provide the best possible educational experience day to day and this experience must include body language for many reasons: By incorporating the study of nonverbal messages into pre-service studies, teachers will more readily be able to help students become cognizant of culture, ethnicity, and gender as important variables in everyday life. This will also help students, as they will benefit from an increased appreciation of diversity when they assume their future roles as parents, teachers, community leaders , co-workers, employers, and citizens.An inclusive education should facilitate the changes in climate necessary to ensure ongoing change, and knowledge of culturally specific nonverbal communication patterns can enhance this process (p. 2). Teachers’ goals are to help their students be active participants in their community and in society. In order to do so, students must be able to understand verbal and nonverbal communication signals as they relate from one person and one context to the next. Nonverbal relates to the unspoken word and a means to send messages that are â€Å"not sanctioned for verbal delivery by our culture† (Wiemann, 1975).As humans, we have a particular strength to respond quickly and unconsciously pick up clues to other’s nonverbal behavior so that we can respond and react; however, we are culture-bound in what we see and can interpret those behaviors incorrectly depending on our background and experiences (Cohen, 1971). Nonverbal behavior i s difficult to control or to censor. Nonverbal behavior comes naturally to an individual based on true emotions, feelings, and culture – it is less likely to be deceptive as verbal communication can be (Galloway, 1993).With this, there seems to be a necessity for teachers to have complete control over their nonverbal behaviors in order to communicate to their students effectively. Students read more from their teacher’s body language than they do their actual words. In fact, most teachers â€Å"are not aware of the ways in which they transmit nonverbal messages to pupils. Classroom culture has its own nonverbal language and pupils absorb its nuances along with the spoken language† (Spanjer, 1972). Peter Andersen (2004) claims immediacy behaviors, hich â€Å"signal approach and availability, and send warm, stimulating messages to other people,† help teachers develop a positive relationship with their students. Some immediacy behaviors include touching, smi ling, nodding, facing others, showing relaxation, leaning toward others, and synchronizing our conversations; however, in the classroom, the most important immediacy behavior is eye contact, â€Å"Teacher eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students† (Andersen, 2004).Being able to read body language gives teachers an advantage at recognizing their students’ true emotions, enabling the teacher to be more effective on a minute-to-minute basis. By increasing immediacy behaviors, students’ motivation in the learning process dramatically improves (Andersen, 2004). Teachers need to be aware of immediacy behaviors, such as eye contact, in order to help their students’ succeed in the classroom and, ultimately, outside of the classroom. When it comes to motivating students to complete their work, nonverbal behavior is a prime factor in teacher effectiveness. Research studies [across K-college] found that learners at all levels reacted more favorably to teachers who used nonverbal immediacy cues. [†¦] Increasing immediacy behaviors dramatically improves students’ motivation† (Goman, 2008). Andersen (2004) concluded people trust body language over the spoken word (p. 14).People trust body language because it is spontaneous, multi-channeled, and possesses redundant qualities that make it very hard to completely fake (Andersen, 2004). This is applied in classrooms as well. Students rely on the teacher’s body language in order to interpret the meaning of their words; however, teachers are not well educated in the area of body language. No prerequisite courses are offered to teachers during their undergraduate/graduate years that help prepare them in nonverbal communication because it is still a largely unexplored area (Ligons, 1973).Teachers must be aware of nonverbal communication in their classrooms because â€Å"nonverbal communication i s the medium through which relationships are maintained, regulated, and guided within culturally-prescribed patterns† (Grove, 1976). Focusing on professional success in the classroom is crucial, especially at a changing time in education’s history with the passing of the Budget Bill by Governor Walker, â€Å"At a time when it is widely recognized that professional success is achieved with or through other people, the power of, nd the need for, good interpersonal skills couldn’t be greater† (Goman, 2008). Method The examination underlying this paper is a better understanding of how adverse nonverbal behavior (in relation to the spoken word) will, ultimately, negatively impact students emotionally, behaviorally, and academically that teachers find as â€Å"problem students,† â€Å"different,† and/or â€Å"difficult. This investigation began with the articleThe Nonverbal Advantage  (Goman, 2008) and the evidence of increasing student motivati on and success in the classroom by changing behavior. Understanding the importance of body language in the classroom setting provided a pathway of inquiry related to immediacy behaviors, student motivation/success, and the classroom teacher of the 21st  century. This included reviewing research and articles from different time periods, even dating back to the late 19th  century.The information gathered proved the lack of current research existing in relation to nonverbal communication in a classroom setting; however, after reading multiple examples that verify the significance body language has in relation to student achievement, information regarding nonverbal behavior and its correlation to student motivation and achievement is imperative to know in order to progress not only certain classrooms but also schools as a whole.A short survey of nine multiple choice questions and one open-ended question (optional to answer) focused on teachers’ views of nonverbal behavior in the profession of teaching and working with children. The survey also provided information regarding their awareness of their own nonverbal behavior along with their thoughts on the ability to change their nonverbal behavior.The purpose of this research was to aid in providing valuable information to serve as a guide for teachers and administrators on how to change their behavior in order to change their students’ behavior and, ultimately, improve student achievement and motivation as well as schools’ success. Nonverbal communication pertains to the course of communication that involves the transfer and receipt of messages that are not related to the use of words (Knapp and Hall, 2007).   The messages transferred to the listener are generally associated with body language, as well as gestures, posture, external appearance or clothing, facial manifestations and even hairstyles.   Nonverbal communication is thus strongly influenced by visual messages which symbolize particular meanings to the listener.   Other paralanguage forms of nonverbal communication include the quality of the speaker’s voice and his style of speaking.   It should be noted that any features related to stress and rhythm of the speaker’s voice may also influence how a listener receives a speaker’s message. In the workplace, nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate.   It is well known that the employees at a workplace need to work together and cooperate in order to achieve the status of a productive company.   Cooperation and harmony are thus closely related to the trust and confidence of each employee to himself and to his co-workers and these factors are often influenced by both verbal and nonverbal communications among individuals in the workplace (Ottenheimer, 2007). It should be understood that even if the right phrases and words were expressed by an individual, the actual message of the spoken words and sentences are often changed by the accompanying nonverbal signals that the speaker is showing to the listener.   These nonverbal signs may or may not be consciously being shown yet it is a fact that these nonverbal signs often modify the message that is sent out to the listener. a)   In a meeting at my workplace, our supervisor was suggesting some changes to the organization and functioning of our small company.   Changes in our company are not a common occurrence, hence there was some shock among the members of the workplace as soon as the supervisor mentioned about the plan of modifying particular functions of specific members of the office.   I noticed that our supervisor was a bit uptight while he was proceeding to describe the changes that he would implement at the workplace. His voice was a bit hard and had a lower tone, which I usually do not hear during regular peaceful workdays.   In addition, the supervisor was sweating in his forehead hence this gave me two impressions.   Firstly, he was nervous, possibly because he knew that the topic he was discussing with the members of the workforce was not the best topic to talk about.   Secondly, I felt that our supervisor was not sure about his plan and he just wants to try out this new plan in order to determine whether this plan is indeed the right action to perform in order to solve the problem.   On the other hand, my co-workers were quiet while listening to our supervisor and there was not a single smile or voice from my co-workers. b)   When our supervisor finished explaining his plan of changing specific functions of particular individuals in our workplace, there were contradictions that came from some members of the office.   One co-worker asked why our supervisor came up with this plan. However, I also noticed that this particular co-worker gave out his question with a low voice, too, just the same as our supervisor and this low voice made me feel that our co-worker was not pleased and was actually upset over the changes that the supervisor was planning to implement.   At this point, the supervisor tried to explain his side of the plan with a normal pitched voice and this made our co-worker listen and understand why such changes would be implemented in our workplace, and that is to increase the sales of the company. c)   Nonverbal communications strongly influence the success or failure of communications because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being exchanged between individuals, including the sense of sight and even sound (Hargie and Dickson, 2004).   For example, it is easier to talk to a person who speaks in a soft voice than deal with a person who speaks with a very loud voice. d)   The use words in communication often involves meanings hence individuals should be careful with their choice of words because there a certain words that are linked to denotations or connotations.   For example, if a co-worker calls a female co-worker a queen, this may either mean that she is very productive and knowledgeable at work, or this may mean that she is only good for bossing people around.   Hence the use of words may be tricky and an individual should be cautious when describing specific individuals and issues at the workplace. e)   An effective listening technique that may be employed by a manager is to carry an attentive facial expression while hearing out a subordinate’s message.   In addition, a manager may also try to nod to the employee every now and then, in order to let the employee feel that he is welcome to express his ideas and concerns to his supervisor.   The nodding of the manager does not mean that he agrees to everything that the subordinate says, but it means that he is listening to what the subordinate is saying. Conclusion:   Nonverbal communication is generally associated with body language, gestures and posture as well as paralanguage forms that influence the success or failure of exchanges between individuals because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being sent out to other individuals.   Nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate because it positive communications promote cooperation and harmony between individuals. Reference Hargie O and Dickson D   (2004): Skilled interpersonal communication: Research, theory and practice. Hove: Routledge Publishers. Knapp ML and Hall JA (2007): Nonverbal communication in human interaction, 5th ed. Wadsworth: Thomas Learning. Ottenheimer HJ (2007):   The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology, Kansas State: Thomson Wadsworth.                         Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication is a very large part of human communication behavior. The types of nonverbal communication can range from a simple smile to an obvious avoidance of eye contact, but each behavior carries a direct message that can be understood by all the individuals in a public communication situation. Nonverbal communication, for use in this analysis, is defined by Canary and Dindia (1998) as the form of communication that does not include words; messages expressed by nonlinguistic means, people s actions or attributes, including their use of objects, sounds, time and space, that have socially shared significance and stimulate meaning in others (Canary &Dindia, 1998). Nonverbal communication plays a role in all communication: it is impossible to communicate without sending out nonverbal clues. These clues help others determine the truth behind one’s words and their true feelings. Nonverbal communication is a powerful form of communication in that it expresses and reveals attitudes and attributes that may not be expressed by the words spoken. Through my own observation of a public communication situation, a set of rules for nonverbal communication for that situation was determined, yet it varied according to age and gender. Nonverbal communication rules may differ according to the situation.Sentence and Verbal Communication An individuals actions are different when riding on the subway than their actions when getting acquainted at the local pub. Actions when riding in an elevator may be perceived very differently when doing business at a post office. This analysis does not assume or argue that the rules for nonverbal communication are the same for every public communication situation. Rather, each situation has its own set of rules for nonverbal behavior, and the observation and experience of each situation determines its set of rules. Nonverbal communication pertains to the course of communication that involves the transfer and receipt of messages that are not related to the use of words (Knapp and Hall, 2007).   The messages transferred to the listener are generally associated with body language, as well as gestures, posture, external appearance or clothing, facial manifestations and even hairstyles.   Nonverbal communication is thus strongly influenced by visual messages which symbolize particular meanings to the listener.   Other paralanguage forms of nonverbal communication include the quality of the speaker’s voice and his style of speaking.   It should be noted that any features related to stress and rhythm of the speaker’s voice may also influence how a listener receives a speaker’s message. In the workplace, nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate.   It is well known that the employees at a workplace need to work together and cooperate in order to achieve the status of a productive company.   Cooperation and harmony are thus closely related to the trust and confidence of each employee to himself and to his co-workers and these factors are often influenced by both verbal and nonverbal communications among individuals in the workplace (Ottenheimer, 2007). It should be understood that even if the right phrases and words were expressed by an individual, the actual message of the spoken words and sentences are often changed by the accompanying nonverbal signals that the speaker is showing to the listener.   These nonverbal signs may or may not be consciously being shown yet it is a fact that these nonverbal signs often modify the message that is sent out to the listener. a)   In a meeting at my workplace, our supervisor was suggesting some changes to the organization and functioning of our small company.   Changes in our company are not a common occurrence, hence there was some shock among the members of the workplace as soon as the supervisor mentioned about the plan of modifying particular functions of specific members of the office.   I noticed that our supervisor was a bit uptight while he was proceeding to describe the changes that he would implement at the workplace. His voice was a bit hard and had a lower tone, which I usually do not hear during regular peaceful workdays.   In addition, the supervisor was sweating in his forehead hence this gave me two impressions.   Firstly, he was nervous, possibly because he knew that the topic he was discussing with the members of the workforce was not the best topic to talk about.   Secondly, I felt that our supervisor was not sure about his plan and he just wants to try out this new plan in order to determine whether this plan is indeed the right action to perform in order to solve the problem.   On the other hand, my co-workers were quiet while listening to our supervisor and there was not a single smile or voice from my co-workers. b)   When our supervisor finished explaining his plan of changing specific functions of particular individuals in our workplace, there were contradictions that came from some members of the office.   One co-worker asked why our supervisor came up with this plan. However, I also noticed that this particular co-worker gave out his question with a low voice, too, just the same as our supervisor and this low voice made me feel that our co-worker was not pleased and was actually upset over the changes that the supervisor was planning to implement.   At this point, the supervisor tried to explain his side of the plan with a normal pitched voice and this made our co-worker listen and understand why such changes would be implemented in our workplace, and that is to increase the sales of the company. c)   Nonverbal communications strongly influence the success or failure of communications because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being exchanged between individuals, including the sense of sight and even sound (Hargie and Dickson, 2004).   For example, it is easier to talk to a person who speaks in a soft voice than deal with a person who speaks with a very loud voice. d)   The use words in communication often involves meanings hence individuals should be careful with their choice of words because there a certain words that are linked to denotations or connotations.   For example, if a co-worker calls a female co-worker a queen, this may either mean that she is very productive and knowledgeable at work, or this may mean that she is only good for bossing people around.   Hence the use of words may be tricky and an individual should be cautious when describing specific individuals and issues at the workplace. e)   An effective listening technique that may be employed by a manager is to carry an attentive facial expression while hearing out a subordinate’s message.   In addition, a manager may also try to nod to the employee every now and then, in order to let the employee feel that he is welcome to express his ideas and concerns to his supervisor.   The nodding of the manager does not mean that he agrees to everything that the subordinate says, but it means that he is listening to what the subordinate is saying. Conclusion:   Nonverbal communication is generally associated with body language, gestures and posture as well as paralanguage forms that influence the success or failure of exchanges between individuals because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being sent out to other individuals.   Nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate because it positive communications promote cooperation and harmony between individuals. Reference Hargie O and Dickson D   (2004): Skilled interpersonal communication: Research, theory and practice. Hove: Routledge Publishers. Knapp ML and Hall JA (2007): Nonverbal communication in human interaction, 5th ed. Wadsworth: Thomas Learning. Ottenheimer HJ (2007):   The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology, Kansas State: Thomson Wadsworth.                         Nonverbal Communication Introduction The saying goes, â€Å"Look into a person’s eyes, and you will see their soul. † But what is it about the eyes that hold so much? Why do the eyes embrace so much emotion, so many feelings? The eyes, along with other body aspects, are able to communicate to people in ways our words cannot, for â€Å"eye contact is an invitation to communicate. If you look directly into a person’s eyes, [†¦] they will respond in some manner† (Andersen, 2004).Albert Mehrabian (1967) stated that 55% of communication is body language, 38% of communication is tonality, and 7% of communication is the actual words that are spoken (Misunderstanding Section, line 2). Altogether, 93% of communication is unspoken words – what we use to give or withhold meaning from our words. Communication is a complicated, ongoing process of sending and receiving messages. These messages provide both implicit and explicit interpretations depending on the synchrony between the spoken word and the body language associated with it.Body language is defined as â€Å"the gestures, movements, and mannerisms by which a person or animal communicates with others† (Merriam-Webster, 2011). Knowing 93% of communication lies in unspoken word, teachers must put forth an effort to communicate through their actions and tone of voice, â€Å"Teachers should be aware of nonverbal communication in the classroom for two basic reasons: to become better receivers of students' messages and to gain the ability to send positive signals that reinforce students' learning while simultaneously becoming more skilled at avoiding negative signals that stifle their learning† (Miller, 2005).Teachers need to be more concerned about their teaching-learning situations because â€Å"the pattern of behavior of the teacher affects the pattern of behavior of the learner† (Clark, 1978). With this, teachers must focus on changing the learner’s behavior by changing their own behavior. By paying attention to nonverbal communication, teachers can better manage their classroom and the learners in that environment. One major aspect of body language is eye contact, â€Å"When you fail to make eye contact with someone, you are treating her or him as a nonperson and inviting that person to  not  communicate† (Andersen, 2004, p. 6). Teachers know that students respond to how they treat them. Therefore, when they choose to interact with them, they can help regulate behaviors by maintaining eye contact. In fact, eye contact from the teacher is the most important nonverbal behavior, for â€Å"eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students. [†¦] Increasing [†¦] eye contact dramatically improves motivation in the learning process† (Andersen, 2004, p. 42). Review of Literature In 1507, Leonardo da Vinci revealed his now legendary painting  Mona Lisa.Sent ence and Verbal CommunicationStudied by many and known by all, this painting was the first study to look at body language. It intrigues so many people because the painting is so complex, just like body language. The most interesting aspect of this painting is Mona’s smile. This smile portrays more than just one emotion. In addition, Mona’s gaze follows the viewer no matter the angle she is viewed from. There are many meanings and emotions hidden in this picture and that is why it arguably is the best-known painting in the world (Riding, 2005, lines 4-6).In his book,  The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin (1872) looked at how our emotions express our feelings and thoughts. Through his many studies, Darwin was able to prove that our expressions of emotions portray more than words. Darwin studied the eyes, nose, arms, voice, and many other body features in order to verify a correlation between body language and others’ perceptions. Oft en, our facial features correlate with our tone of voice in order to express a certain feeling, â€Å"The pitch of the voice bears some relation to certain states of feeling is tolerably clear† (Darwin, 1872, p. 03). This being true, one can easily sense another’s emotion, such as high spirits, by simply focusing on the unspoken word: A [person] in high spirits, though [he/she] may not actually smile, commonly exhibits some tendency to the retraction of the corners of his mouth. From the excitement of pleasure, the circulation becomes more rapid; the eyes are bright, and the colour of the face rises. The brain, being stimulated by the increased flow of blood, reacts on the mental powers; lively ideas pass still more rapidly through the mind, and the affections are warmed (Darwin, 1872, p. 696-697).Darwin claims that our emotions are intricately intertwined with our whole body. Our emotions, mind, and body work as one to send signals to other people. People use body lan guage to help drive interaction and keep others engaged. But what happens when our body language is not the same â€Å"language† as someone from another country? This poses a problem not only in society but in classrooms as well. Teachers are being asked more and more to create an atmosphere of inclusivity in order to accommodate for diverse populations including gender, ethnicity, religion, and ability. Debra Pitton et. al. 1993) stated teachers have a responsibility to provide the best possible educational experience day to day and this experience must include body language for many reasons: By incorporating the study of nonverbal messages into pre-service studies, teachers will more readily be able to help students become cognizant of culture, ethnicity, and gender as important variables in everyday life. This will also help students, as they will benefit from an increased appreciation of diversity when they assume their future roles as parents, teachers, community leaders , co-workers, employers, and citizens.An inclusive education should facilitate the changes in climate necessary to ensure ongoing change, and knowledge of culturally specific nonverbal communication patterns can enhance this process (p. 2). Teachers’ goals are to help their students be active participants in their community and in society. In order to do so, students must be able to understand verbal and nonverbal communication signals as they relate from one person and one context to the next. Nonverbal relates to the unspoken word and a means to send messages that are â€Å"not sanctioned for verbal delivery by our culture† (Wiemann, 1975).As humans, we have a particular strength to respond quickly and unconsciously pick up clues to other’s nonverbal behavior so that we can respond and react; however, we are culture-bound in what we see and can interpret those behaviors incorrectly depending on our background and experiences (Cohen, 1971). Nonverbal behavior i s difficult to control or to censor. Nonverbal behavior comes naturally to an individual based on true emotions, feelings, and culture – it is less likely to be deceptive as verbal communication can be (Galloway, 1993).With this, there seems to be a necessity for teachers to have complete control over their nonverbal behaviors in order to communicate to their students effectively. Students read more from their teacher’s body language than they do their actual words. In fact, most teachers â€Å"are not aware of the ways in which they transmit nonverbal messages to pupils. Classroom culture has its own nonverbal language and pupils absorb its nuances along with the spoken language† (Spanjer, 1972). Peter Andersen (2004) claims immediacy behaviors, hich â€Å"signal approach and availability, and send warm, stimulating messages to other people,† help teachers develop a positive relationship with their students. Some immediacy behaviors include touching, smi ling, nodding, facing others, showing relaxation, leaning toward others, and synchronizing our conversations; however, in the classroom, the most important immediacy behavior is eye contact, â€Å"Teacher eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students† (Andersen, 2004).Being able to read body language gives teachers an advantage at recognizing their students’ true emotions, enabling the teacher to be more effective on a minute-to-minute basis. By increasing immediacy behaviors, students’ motivation in the learning process dramatically improves (Andersen, 2004). Teachers need to be aware of immediacy behaviors, such as eye contact, in order to help their students’ succeed in the classroom and, ultimately, outside of the classroom. When it comes to motivating students to complete their work, nonverbal behavior is a prime factor in teacher effectiveness. Research studies [across K-college] found that learners at all levels reacted more favorably to teachers who used nonverbal immediacy cues. [†¦] Increasing immediacy behaviors dramatically improves students’ motivation† (Goman, 2008). Andersen (2004) concluded people trust body language over the spoken word (p. 14).People trust body language because it is spontaneous, multi-channeled, and possesses redundant qualities that make it very hard to completely fake (Andersen, 2004). This is applied in classrooms as well. Students rely on the teacher’s body language in order to interpret the meaning of their words; however, teachers are not well educated in the area of body language. No prerequisite courses are offered to teachers during their undergraduate/graduate years that help prepare them in nonverbal communication because it is still a largely unexplored area (Ligons, 1973).Teachers must be aware of nonverbal communication in their classrooms because â€Å"nonverbal communication i s the medium through which relationships are maintained, regulated, and guided within culturally-prescribed patterns† (Grove, 1976). Focusing on professional success in the classroom is crucial, especially at a changing time in education’s history with the passing of the Budget Bill by Governor Walker, â€Å"At a time when it is widely recognized that professional success is achieved with or through other people, the power of, nd the need for, good interpersonal skills couldn’t be greater† (Goman, 2008). Method The examination underlying this paper is a better understanding of how adverse nonverbal behavior (in relation to the spoken word) will, ultimately, negatively impact students emotionally, behaviorally, and academically that teachers find as â€Å"problem students,† â€Å"different,† and/or â€Å"difficult. This investigation began with the articleThe Nonverbal Advantage  (Goman, 2008) and the evidence of increasing student motivati on and success in the classroom by changing behavior. Understanding the importance of body language in the classroom setting provided a pathway of inquiry related to immediacy behaviors, student motivation/success, and the classroom teacher of the 21st  century. This included reviewing research and articles from different time periods, even dating back to the late 19th  century.The information gathered proved the lack of current research existing in relation to nonverbal communication in a classroom setting; however, after reading multiple examples that verify the significance body language has in relation to student achievement, information regarding nonverbal behavior and its correlation to student motivation and achievement is imperative to know in order to progress not only certain classrooms but also schools as a whole.A short survey of nine multiple choice questions and one open-ended question (optional to answer) focused on teachers’ views of nonverbal behavior in the profession of teaching and working with children. The survey also provided information regarding their awareness of their own nonverbal behavior along with their thoughts on the ability to change their nonverbal behavior.The purpose of this research was to aid in providing valuable information to serve as a guide for teachers and administrators on how to change their behavior in order to change their students’ behavior and, ultimately, improve student achievement and motivation as well as schools’ success.